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Students with learning disabilities and/or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) often have difficulty with managing their behaviour. It can be useful in math to solve word problems in particular, as it reduces the number of mental operations (or information-processing steps) taken to solve a problem. Dysgraphia – a term that may be used for LDs which affect written expression (including spelling). Click here to visit the LD@school website and access the article on Accommodations, Modifications and Alternative Skill Areas for Students with Learning Disabilities [LDs]. Psychologist and Psychological Associates – professionals trained in the assessment, treatment and prevention of behavioural and mental conditions. It acknowledges that individual students learn in idiosyncratic ways, but it also recognizes that there are predictable patterns and pathways that many students follow. Assessment as learning – is a process of designing and supporting metacognition for students. PREREFERRAL PROCESS: A procedure in which special and regular teachers develop trial strategies to help a student showing difficulty in learning remain in the regular classroom. A disability is present when activities usually performed by people (such as walking, talking, reading or learning) are in some way restricted. Often leads to learning and behavior problems at home, school, and work. Morpheme – the smallest meaningful unit of language. A guide to effective instruction in reading: Kindergarten to grade 3. Visual-motor skills – the ability to co-ordinate the eyes and hands to produce/guide physical movements such as the production of written work. Tracing sandpaper numbers while saying a number fact aloud would be a multisensory learning activity. IEP (Individual Education Plan ) – written plan describing the special education program and/or services required by a particular student based on thorough assessment of the student’s strengths and needs that affect the student’s ability to learn and demonstrate learning (http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/specialneeds/autism/aprk/glossary.aspx). Twice exceptional – students identified with both Gifted and Communication-LD. 01 March 2004 Learning Disability Practice . Provincial school – schools operated by the Ministry of Education for students who are blind, blind-deaf or who have a severe learning disability. As of 2011, more than 6 million school-age children in the United States receive special education services as a result of IDEA. LEARNING STYLES: Approaches to assessment or instruction emphasizing the variations in temperament, attitude, and preferred manner of tackling a task. Learning resource teachers work with students with a variety of special education needs and provide them with the highest level of support which can be accessed at a school level. OSR (Ontario Student Record) – the record of a student’s educational progress through schools in Ontario. Working memory – a brain system responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information. Discover a glossary that provides definitions of important terms related to learning disabilities. FEN Learning is part of Sandbox Networks, a digital learning company that operates education services and products for the 21st century. Special education – educational programs, supports and/or services which are based on the results of  continuous assessment and evaluation of the student. Students with LDs who struggle with reading fluency may also struggle with reading comprehension. Early identification – Ontario school boards are required to have procedures in place to identify each child’s level of development, learning abilities and needs and to ensure that educational programs are designed to accommodate these needs and to facilitate each child’s growth and development. The resulting package is designed to Healthcare staff expectations and knowledge of learning disabilities. Cognitive processes – LDs may be associated with difficulties with one or more cognitive processes, such as phonological processing, memory and attention, processing speed, perceptual-motor processing, visual-spatial processing, and/or executive functions (e.g., self-regulation of behaviour and emotions, planning, organization of thoughts and activities, prioritizing, decision-making) (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/extra/eng/ppm/ppm8.pdf). Learning styles – are the ways in which students learn best. Assessment of learning – is summative in nature and is used to confirm what students know and can do, to demonstrate whether they have achieved the curriculum outcomes, and, occasionally, to show how they are placed in relation to others. Synonymous with learning disabilities. Collaboration – refers to providing special education in regular education classrooms. Long-term memory – refers to the permanent storage of a seemingly infinite amount of information including knowledge of procedures, experiences, and factual information. It is also described as the extent to which a person assumes responsibility for his or her own goals, accomplishments, and setbacks (https://ldatschool.ca/classroom/literacy/self-determination-and-self-advocacy/). METACOGNITIVE LEARNING: Instructional approaches emphasizing awareness of the cognitive processes that facilitate one's own learning and its application to academic and work assignments. Explicit instruction – see direct instruction. For core subjects, such as math or language, expectations may be taken from a different grade level. A student who has been identified as ‘exceptional’ must be provided with the supports and services required to meet the exceptional needs. They are also known as knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams. Learning difficulties – refers to any learning or emotional problem that affects, or substantially affects, a person’s ability to learn, get along with others and follow convention. In addition, an Individual Education Plan (IEP) must be developed for the student within 30 days of identification at an IPRC (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/elemsec/speced/identifi.html). LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: A tendency to be a passive learner who depends on others for decisions and guidance. Students who experience difficulties with social behaviour may use irritable or aggressive behaviour to cope with stress associated with social interactions (http://www.ldao.ca/introduction-to-ldsadhd/ldsadhs-in-depth/articles/about-lds/learning-disabilities-and-behaviouralemotional-problems/). Dyspraxia – a term that may be used for LDs which affect gross or fine motor skills. This means perseverance is particularly important. Scaffolding – a term used to refer to a number of specific instructional strategies that an educator can use, all of which have two interrelated goals: to move the students from one place to another in terms of learning, and to gradually transfer the responsibility for learning from the teacher to the student, thereby fostering a more independent learner (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/reports/speced/panel/speced.pdf, p. 62). DEVELOPMENTAL APHASIA: A severe language disorder that is presumed to be due to brain injury rather than because of a developmental delay in the normal acquisition of language. PERCEPTUAL HANDICAP: Difficulty in accurately processing, organizing, and discriminating among visual, auditory, or tactile information. 416 929 4311 Accommodations, Modifications & Alternative Skill Areas. Literacy – the ability to use language and images in rich and varied forms to read, write, listen, speak, view, represent, discuss and think critically about ideas. Numeracy – is related to recognizing and using mathematics in a variety of contexts and using math as a tool to explore problems (https://ldatschool.ca/pro-learning/articles/numeracy-and-lds/). Expressive writing – also known as written expression. Chunking – an empirically supported memory strategy that may be helpful for students with LDs with memory challenges. ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (ADD): A severe difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention. It is widely thought to be one of the most important mental faculties, critical for cognitive abilities such as planning, problem solving, and reasoning, and it is often included among executive functions (https://ldatschool.ca/pro-learning/articles/working-memory-and-lds/). Phoneme – the individual sounds in spoken words (http://www.thereadingclinic.ca/Dyslexia.html). The volume engages some of the most pressing debates of our time, such as prenatal testing, euthanasia, accessibility in public transportation and the workplace, … This can be done by linking new information to prior knowledge that incorporates visual and/or audio cues. Demonstration school – see provincial school. Speech-language pathologists expertise includes prevention, identification, evaluation, and treatment of congenital and acquired communication and swallowing disorders (https://www.osla.on.ca/en/SpeechLanguagePathologist?mid=ctl00_LeftMenu_ctl00_TheMenu-menuItem002). Many students with LDs experience difficulties with executive functions, which can impact their ability to plan, organize, strategize, pay attention to and remember details, and manage time and space (https://ldatschool.ca/learn-about-lds/executive-function-and-lds/). Click here to visit the Ministry of Community & Social Services website and learn more about AODA. SEAC (Special Education Advisory Committee) – a committee of a school board or a school authority that provides important advice on special education. Read-aloud – an oral delivery of a written text that involves teacher modeled or facilitated reading comprehension strategies before, during and after the reading (Ontario Ministry of Education. A learning disability can be mild, moderate or severe. Traditionally, learning styles can be classified as auditory, visual, tactile, or kinesthetic. Read 5 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. For a more detailed definition, please click here to visit the LDAO website. Grapheme – a unit of a writing system consisting of all the written symbols or sequences of written symbols that are used to represent a single phoneme (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grapheme). It is comprised of trustees and representatives of local associations that further the interests and well-being of groups of exceptional children or adults (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/elemsec/speced/seac/). Multiple intelligences – Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences explains that we all have and use varying amounts of nine intelligences (see learning styles for a more detailed description). A learning disability (LD) is a neurological disorder causes difficulty in organizing information received, remembering them, and expressing information and therefore affects a person's basic function such as reading, writing, comprehension, and reasoning. The adaptive equipment allows students to access the curriculum and/or alternative skill areas. Special education is the most common treatment for learning disorders. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired." Teachers can also use this information to streamline and target instruction and resources, and to provide feedback to students to help them advance their learning (Learning for All, 2013, p.27). Educator – an individual who provides instruction or education, typically a teacher, principal, or other person involved in planning or directing education. Known Words to Use in Teaching the Using Words You Know Strategy While the student is learning to read the keywords, they should be learning to use keywords they do know to read novel words. Well-being in early years and school settings is about helping children and students become resilient, so that they can make positive and healthy choices to support learning and achievement both now and in the future. The memorandum sets out requirements for school boards for the identification of and program planning for students with LDs. Teaching assistant – also known as an Educational Assistant, is someone who works alongside a classroom teacher to support students. You should eventually have 37 keywords, but you can start teaching the strategy as soon as you have identified 6-8 that the student can read. Intervention – effective individualized treatment for students with specialized education needs. Inclusive education – education that is based on the principles of acceptance and inclusion of all students. It is supported through equity and respect for our diverse identities and strengths. Teachers concentrate on ensuring that they have used assessment to provide accurate and sound statements of students’ proficiency so that the recipients of the information can use the information to make reasonable and defensible decisions (Learning for All, 2013, p.27). (2003a). Ncld.org IDEA and Specific Learning Disabilities. (http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/specialneeds/autism/aprk/glossary.aspx). MULTISENSORY LEARNING: An instructional approach that combines auditory, visual, and tactile elements into a learning task. Kinesthetic learner – related to Howard Gardner’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Other people may not be able to communicate at all and have other disabilities as well. LEARNING MODALITIES: Approaches to assessment or instruction stressing the auditory, visual, or tactile avenues for learning that are dependent upon the individual. Impulsivity – impulsivity may be defined as a tendency to act on impulse, rather than thought; individuals who are impulsive do not seem to be able to think before they act and may be unable to control an immediate response. Synonymous with learning disabilities. Course. When caused by an accident, the damage may be called Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Students are referred to an IPRC for identification on the recommendation of their school principal or upon parent request. Teacher as Reflective Practitioner and Action Researcher. Learning disabilities – refers to a variety of disorders that affect the acquisition, retention, understanding, organisation or use of verbal and/or non-verbal information. In Federal law, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the term is “specific learning disability,” one of 13 categories of disability under that law. Dyscalculia – a term that may be used for LDs which affect mathematics. Mnemonics instruction is an evidence-based practice that can help students with LDs who have difficulties with learning and memory (https://ldatschool.ca/classroom/executive-function/mnemonics/). Disability. In-school team – a group of in-school staff with various types of expertise who work together to support students, parents and each other to enable students with learning difficulties to succeed in their learning environment. Students with LDs may experience difficulties with executive functions and checklists can be an effective strategy to help them overcome some of their related difficulties. Research shows that collaboration between general education and special education teachers can result in improvements to teachers’ instructional practice and to student outcomes (https://ldatschool.ca/classroom/literacy/the-impact-of-teacher-collaboration-on-academic-achievement-and-social-development-for-student-with-learning-disabilities-a-review-of-the-research/). Students with LDs will have significant needs in the areas of communication. Click here to visit the Ministry of Community & Social Services website and learn more about AODA. (http://www.ldao.ca/introduction-to-ldsadhd/what-are-lds/official-definition-of-lds/). Students with LDs can especially benefit from differentiated instruction as they may have difficulties processing and/or expressing their knowledge in more traditional learning contexts (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/elemsec/speced/LearningforAll2013.pdf). Engineering the learning environment and teaching students strategies to deal with these issues are key to their success in school and in life. (http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/about/WBDiscussionDocument.pdf). The OSR is an important resource for educators who work with students with LDs as it will include the student’s IEP, a psycho-educational report, and past assessment data, if available. In the 2009 documentary film Monica and David, Monica, a woman with Down syndrome, is asked to define the word “handicap.”. ACCOMMODATIONS: Techniques and materials that allow individuals with LD to complete school or work tasks with greater ease and effectiveness. Is there anything I can do to help my child with their learning disability?As a parent, it can be hard to … A diagnosis will be accompanied by documentation of the student’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as ideas for how to support the student in the classroom in the areas where they struggle. Treating Learning Disorders. DIRECT INSTRUCTION: An instructional approach to academic subjects that emphasizes the use of carefully sequenced steps that include demonstration, modeling, guided practice, and independent application. PPM 8 (Policy/Program Memorandum No. EB (evidence-based) – on the LD@school site, the term evidence-based refers to research that has provided strong evidence of effectiveness of a practice, approach or strategy for students with LDs. They work closely to support classroom teachers with things such as early identification, curriculum differentiation and modification, assessment, intervention strategies, the development and coordination of IEPs and in-class or withdrawal support related to special education (http://www.ocdsb.ca/med/pub/OCDSB_Publications/IEP_Guide%20April%202012.pdf). Auditory memory – also known as verbal working memory. Literacy enables us to share information and to interact with others. 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